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Citing Sources |
Check with your instructor to find out if a specific citation format is required.
MLA Format (commonly used for English and other humanities papers):
Important: Significant revisions in 2009 MLA format
Key examples: No more underlining--use italics for book and periodical titles; include publication medium (usually "Print" or Web")
- MLA Format Examples from Skyline Library - including 2009 revisions
- MLA format on the Research & Documentation Online website
- MLA format examples for specific types of web sources
- MLA Works Cited list example
APA Format (commonly used for psychology and other social science papers):
- APA Format Examples (from Skyline Library)
- APA format on the Research & Documentation Online website
- A Concise Guide to APA Style
- APA Exercise
Chicago Style (commonly used for history papers):
CSE Style (commonly used for science papers):
Automated Bibliography Formatting
How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography
How to Cite a Work within the Text of Your Paper (Parenthetical Citations)
Tutorials on Citing Sources
- Research Tutorial: Citing Your Sources (from Eastern Washington University)
- MLA Tutorial (from Hunter College, City University of New York)
- MLA Interactive Tutorial (from Tallahassee Community College)
- APA Interactive Tutorial (from Tallahassee Community College)
- APA Tutorial (from University of Southern Mississippi)
Why Cite Sources?
Once you have located and read an adequate number of sources, incorporated ideas from your reading with your own understanding of the topic, and presented your analysis of your topic in a research paper, it is essential to cite the sources and you must use the proper bibliographic format to do so.
The main reason for citing your sources is to give credit to those authors whose ideas you used in your research. Even when you do not quote directly from another work, if reading that source contributed to the ideas presented in your paper, you must give the authors proper credit by including their work in your bibliography. Citing your sources allows readers of your work to easily find the sources to which you've referred.
If you do not cite the sources upon which your research is based, you will be guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using the ideas and writings of others and representing them as your own. Even if you do not copy another source word-for-word, but rather rephrase the source without attributing it to the original author by including a citation, you are guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious violation of academic standards and is punishable with a failing grade, possible expulsion from the institution, and may subject you to ostracism by your peers. The increasing availability of electronic information has unfortunately made it easy to copy another author's works.
Bibliography or "Works Cited" List
The most common way to cite sources is to use a bibliography or "Works Cited" list at the end of your research paper. The Works Cited list includes a citation for each of the sources you used to write your paper. The citations are formatted in a consistent style according to one of several standard citation formats. Two of the most common formats used for undergraduate research papers are the MLA (Modern Language Association) format and the APA (American Psychological Association) format. Some instructors specify which format they prefer; others leave it up to the students as long as they maintain one consistent format.
The list of all citations is commonly organized in a single alphabetical list. Each different type of source--book, magazine article, journal article, newspaper article, article from a reference book, World Wide Web page--has a precise format that is specified by the given format (MLA, APA or other).
Citing Database Information for Full Text Sources Accessed from Online Databases
With the increasing availability of full-text articles from online periodical databases (online, CD-ROM and other electronic formats), students have questions about how to cite documents that have been accessed electronically. If the full text of an article or other document is accessed from an electronic database (even if the document was originally published in a traditional print publication), the name of the database, the database service or publisher and the date the information was accessed must be included in addition to the information for the originally published document. But, if an electronic database was used just to find a reference (a citation and/or abstract) to a document, and the full text of the document was accessed from the original print publication, the database information should not be included in the bibliographic citation. (See examples below in the "Citation Format for Articles from Periodicals" for either MLA or APA format.)
Below are examples of how to cite most of the common types of sources according to the:
Automated Bibliography
Formatting
If your sources are relatively standard types, you can try using an automated bibliography formatting website, in which you enter the information for each of your sources and the website formats citations for you. If you want to try using one of these sites, we recommend:
MLA FORMAT FOR A "WORKS CITED" LIST-- EXAMPLES BY TYPE OF SOURCE
- Books
- Articles from Periodicals (Magazines, Journals & Newspapers)
- Articles from Encyclopedias or Other Reference sources, including Online Reference Sources
- World Wide Web Pages
- Specific examples for different types of web pages: - Audio Visual Materials
- Interviews
- Performances or Class Lectures
- Unpublished documents, including Class Handouts
- Putting Together the Works Cited List
For more detailed explanations of how to use the MLA format, you should consult one of the following:
- The official MLA style manuals: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (REF/LB2369.G53 2003) & MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (REF PN 147 G444 1998) (Ask a librarian to show you these guide books.)
- The official MLA webpage: Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style
- Hacker, Diane and Barbara Fister. Research and
Documentation in the Electronic Age . 2010.
In-text documentation: How to Cite a Work within the Text of Your Paper (Parenthetical Citations)
Remember that you need to give credit to authors whose words or ideas you are using in your paper. The citations you will provide within the text of your paper will help your reader a) to know who said the words you quoted or paraphrased, and b) to locate the full information about that source on your Works Cited page in case the reader wishes to consult the sources you've used.
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what's known as parenthetical citation. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s).
For example:
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
- Note: There is no punctuation after the author's name or before the page number. Do not use commas, p., pgs., or any other such notation in the citation.
- When a source has no page number, just include the author's name in parentheses.
- When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it's a longer work.
Your in-text citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look like this:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Print.
When no author is given for a source, include the title of the article, web page or book instead of the author. An article or web page title should be in quotes; a book title should be underlined or italicized. If the title is long, you can shorten it in the parenthetical documentation.
When you are citing online sources (from a webpage or an online database such as PowerSearch or Proquest), you run into a special problem: electronic sources don't have page numbers. In these cases, you will need to cite the author's name as usual, but don't include page numbers, e.g.
- According to C.A. Mitchie, "Folate deficiency in women of childbearing age increases their risk of having a pregnancy affected by a neural-tube defect."
- Research shows that "supplementing a woman's diet early in pregnancy with folic acid can prevent up to 70% of neural tube defects" (
Note: If you happen to be using a source which numbers its paragraphs or has section divisions, headings or numbers, you can use this information in place of page numbers. For example:
- Research shows that "supplementing a woman's diet early in pregnancy with folic acid can prevent up to 70% of neural tube defects" (
- "Negroponte's uncomplicated, personal tone fools the reader into a sense that his theses are simplistic" (Herrington "Introduction")
Do not use the page numbers from your paper printout.
When a writer's or a speaker's quoted words appear in a source written by someone else, begin the parenthetical citation with the abbreviation "qtd. in."
- According to Richard Retting, "As the comforts of home and the efficiency of the office creep into the automobile, it is becoming increasingly attractive as a work space" (qtd. in Johnson 23)
- In a bibliography or "Works Cited" list, all citations are listed in alphabetical order, according to the last name of the author. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the first word in the title (ignoring "A", "An" or "The" at the beginning of a title).
- In all cases, the citation begins
with the author's name (last name first) whenever the author's name is listed.
If the author's name is not given, then the citation begins with the title of the work (book, article or other document).
Only the first author's name should be listed last name first.
If there are two or three authors, the second and third authors' names are listed first name first, as shown in the book example below.
For a work with more than 3 authors, list only the first author's name followed by a comma and the words et al. (also shown in the book example below.) - Book, magazine, journal and newspaper titles are always italicized.
- Article titles are always put in "quotations".
- Subtitles are designated by a colon (:).
- All words in any titles (of books,
articles or other documents) are capitalized, except the following parts of speech
(when they are not the first word in a title or subtitle):
- Articles (a, an, the)
- Prepositions (e.g., in, of , to, against, between)
- Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)
- the to in infinitives (as in How to Play Chess)
Books with a single author:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication. Medium of Publication.
Citation example:
Gamson, Joshua. R. Claims to
Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary
Books with two, three or more
authors:
Citation
description:
First author's last name, First
name Middle initial (if any), and Second author's First name Middle initial (if
any) Last name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication. Medium of Publication.
Note: For a book with three authors,
list all three author's names. Only the first author's name should be listed
last name first. For a book with more than 3 authors, list only the first
author's name followed by a comma and the words et al.
Citation
examples:
Stewart, David W., and David H.
Furse. Effective Television Advertising: A Study of 1000 Commercials.
Jonson, Albert, Thomas Gray, and
Jessie Muncy. Information Access.
Baker, Nellie, et al. Book
Publishing.
Books with editor(s)
rather than author(s):
Citation
description:
Editor's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any), ed. Title. Place of publication: Year of
publication. Medium of Publication.
Citation example:
Baughman, Cynthia, ed. Women on
Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle.
Essay, article, story or chapter in a book with
an editor (if the book is an anthology of works by multiple writers):
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). "Title of Chapter or Essay." Title of Book. Ed.
Editor's first and last name. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication. Page numbers for the chapter. Medium of Publication.
Citation
example:
Fox, Aaron A. "
Citation Format for Articles from
Periodicals (Magazines, Journals & Newspapers)
Magazine article (the following information is for paper copies of articles, see below for additional information required for articles from databases):
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day (if
given) Month (abbreviated except May, June, and July) Year: Page numbers of
article (if the article is not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page
followed by a +).
Medium of publication.
Citation examples:
Bazell, Robert. "Science and
Society: Growth Industry." New Republic 15 Mar. 1993:
13-14.
Frank, Michael. "The Wild, Wild West." Architectural Digest June 1993: 180+. Print.
Journal article (the following information is for paper copies of articles, see below for additional information required for articles from databases):
Citation
description:
Author's Last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). "Title of article." Journal title Volume number. Issue
number (if each issue number begins on page 1) (Date of publication): page
numbers. Medium of publication.
Citation example:
Babrow, Austin S. "Student Motives for Watching Soap Operas." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31.3 (Summer 1997): 309-321. Print.
Newspaper article (the following information is for paper copies of articles, see below for additional information required for articles from databases):
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). "Article Title." Title of Newspaper Day Month
(abbreviated except May, June, and July) Year: Section and page number(s) (if
the article is not printed on consecutive pages, just give the first page
followed by +). Medium of publication.
Citation example:
MacKenzie, Bill. "Packin' the Heat." San Francisco Chronicle 4 Nov. 1993: A16+. Print.
Book review article (the following information is for paper copies of articles, see below for additional information required for articles from databases):
Citation
description:
Reviewer's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). "Article Title." (if more than "Book Review" and/or
title of the book) Rev. of Title of Book, by Book author's first name Middle
initial (if any) Last name. Title of the Periodical Volume and/or date
and page information for the appropriate type of periodical as shown above. If
the full text of the article is accessed from an electronic database, include
database information and access date as shown below.
Medium of publication.
Citation
examples:
Hendrickson, Donald. Rev. of The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic Social and Environmental Reasons for Reducing United States Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, by Roy Howard Beck. Foreign Affairs 75.4 (July-August 1996): 146. Print.
Fukuyama, Francis. "No Vacancy." Rev. of The Case Against Immigration: The Moral, Economic Social and Environmental Reasons for Reducing United States Immigration Back to Traditional Levels, by Roy Howard Beck. New York Times Book Review 1 Sept. 1996:18. Print.
Article accessed from an online library subscription periodical database (such as Gale, or Proquest
web-based databases):
Citation
description:
Article information as shown
above for magazine, journal or
newspaper; then
add: Title of
Database. Name of database service or publisher.
Medium of publication.
Date of researcher's access. <URL
(electronic address)> (because the length of the URL may sometimes be
excessively long, the cited URL may be either the complete address for the web
page of the full-text article or the basic address for accessing the
database).
Citation examples:
Adler, Jonathan H. "A Child's Garden of Misinformation." Consumers' Research Magazine
Sept. 1993: 11+.
General OneFile. Gale.
b1. Academic journal article from Proquest Psychology database (click here to see actual article from the database):
Dodge, Brian, et. al.. "Sexual
Compulsivity Among Heterosexual College Students." The
Journal of Sex Research 41.4 (Nov 2004): 343+. ProQuest Psychology Journals. Proquest.
b2. Academic journal article from History Resource Center database (click here to see actual article from the database):
Hoganson, Kristin. " ‘As Badly Off As
The Filipinos’:
McFarland, Ron. "Sherman Alexie's Polemical Stories." Studies in American Indian Literatures: The Journal of the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures. 9.4 (Winter 1997): 27-38. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Vol. 107. Detroit: Gale. Literature Resource Center . Gale. Web. 1 Dec. 2008. <http://go.galegroup.com>.
d
e. Article from a book from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database (click here to see actual article from the database):
f. Book review article from an academic journal from PowerSearch databases:
Article for which only the abstract (summary) of the article is accessed from an online periodical database on the World Wide Web (such as Medline database on PubMed):
Citation
description:
Article information as shown
above for magazine, journal or newspaper. Abstract. Title of Database. Name of
database service or publisher.
Medium of publication.
Date of researcher's access. <URL (electronic
address)> (because the length of the URL may sometimes be excessively long,
the cited URL may be either the complete address for the web page of the
full-text article or the basic address for accessing the
database).
Citation example:
LeGrand, E. K. "Potential Risk of
Enhancing Survival of Infected Cells." Journal of the American Veterinary
Medicine Association 213.12 (15 Dec. 1998): 1698. Abstract. Medline. PubMed.
Web. 18 Feb. 2006.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9861953&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b>.
Citation Format for Articles from
Encyclopedias or Other Reference Sources, including Online Reference Sources
Article from a Major Print Encyclopedia
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). [If no author listed, begin with article title.] "Title
of Article: Subtitle of Article (if any)." Title of Encyclopedia or Other
Reference Source. Year of Publication ed.
Medium of publication.
Citation
example:
Naisbitt, John, Thea K. Flaum and
Oscar Handlin. "
Article from a Non-Major Print Encyclopedia or Other Reference Source
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). [If no author listed, begin with article title.] "Title
of Article: Subtitle of Article (if any)." Title of Encyclopedia or Other
Reference Source. Ed. Encyclopedia Editor's name (if any). Edition (if not
first edition). Number of volumes. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Medium of publication.
Citation
example:
Helweg, Arthur W. "Immigration."
Encyclopedia of Social Issues. Ed. John K. Roth. 6 vols.
Article from an Online Encyclopedia or Other Online Reference Database
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First name
Middle initial (if any). [If no author listed, begin with article title.] "Title
of Article: Subtitle of Article (if any)." Title of Encyclopedia or Other
Reference Source. Date of Publication or Latest Update. Publisher,
Sponsoring Organization or Website name.
Medium of publication.
Day Month Year of researcher's visit.
<URL (web address) of the page>.
Citation
example:
Berthoff, Roland.
"
"Charles Dickens." Authors and
Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 23. Gale Research, 1998.
Citation Format for World Wide Web Pages
NOTE: The MLA format for online publications is not completely standardized. Various websites provide specific information on how to cite information from the Web according to their current interpretations of official citation formats.
General web page format:
Citation description:
• Author or editor's last name (if an author is given), first name, middle initial (if any).
• “Title of the Page.” (in quotation marks)
• Title of the Overall Website (in italics)
• Version or edition used
• Publisher or sponsor of the site (if not given, use n.p.)
• Date of publication (day, month, and year, as available). If not given, use n.d.
• Medium of publication (Web)
• Date of access (day, month, and year)
• URL (optional – provide if it helps your reader locate the source or if your instructor requires it). Enclose the URL in angle brackets and end with a period.
NOTE : If you cannot locate any of the above components, leave it out.
NOTE : Each of the above sections of your citation is followed by a period, except the publisher or sponsor, which is followed by a comma.
Citation example (basic web page):
xxxxx <http://www.skylinecollege.edu/library/citing.html>.
Citation examples for specific types of Web sources:
- Web page
- Entire website or Website homepage
- Blog page
- Wikipedia page
- Personal web page
- Online book
- Online book chapter
- Article in an online journal
- Article in an online magazine
- Article from a newspaper website
- Poem or short story from a website
Barnes-Young, Christian. "Violent Media and Aggression." What They Play: The Family Guide to Video Games. What They Like, Inc., 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. <http://www.whattheyplay.com/features/violent-media-and-aggression/>.
“Thai Idioms.” Thai-language.com. Internet Resource for the Thai Language. n.p. n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. <http://www.thai-language.com/id/589868>.
"William Faulkner." William Faulkner on the Web. University of Mississippi , 6 Feb. 2003. Web. 20 Sept. 2007. <http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~egjbp/faulkner/ faulkner.html>.
Entire website or website homepage:
NAIC Online. National Association of Inventors Corporation,. 9 Sept. 2008. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://www.better-investing.org/>.
U. S. Department of Education. US Dept. of Education, 21 Apr. 2007. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ed.gov/index.html>.
The William Faulkner Society. William Faulkner Society, 5 Oct. 2003. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://www.english.ufl.edu/faulkner/>.
“SWC Teachers Suspended after Rally Participation.” Save Our Southwestern College . 23 Oct. 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. <http://saveourswc.blogspot.com/2009/10/swc-teachers-suspended-after-rally.html>.
"Skyline College ." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . 7 Nov 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=Skyline_College&oldid=324537976>.
Bell, Rosemary. Home page. Fall
2003. Web. 1 Oct. 2009. <http://www.smccd.net/accounts/bellro/>.
Online book:
An online book may be the electronic text of part or all of a printed book, or a book-length document available only on the Internet (e.g., a work of hyperfiction).
Bird, Isabella L. A Lady's Life
in the
Bryant, Peter J. "The Age of
Mammals." Biodiversity and Conservation.
Article in an online journal:
Wysocki, Anne Frances. "Monitoring
Order: Visual Desire, the Organization of Web Pages, and Teach the Rules of
Design." Kairos: A Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments
3.2 (Fall 1998). English Dept.,
Article in an online magazine:
Fording, Laura. "Globalization and
its Discontents." Newsweek MSNBC News, 1 Dec. 2003. Web. 1 Dec. 2007.
<http://www.msnbc.com/news/999004.asp?0cv=KB20&cp1=1>.
Newspaper article from a newspaper website:
Lattin, Don. "Religions Have Complicated Role in Globalization." San Francisco Chronicle 23 February 2003. SF Gate, Web. 13 Nov. 2007. <http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/02/23/LV133895.DTL>.
Bilmes, Linda J. and Joseph E. Stiglitz. "The Iraq War will Cost Us $3 Trillion, and Much More." Washington Post, 9 March 2008. washingtonpost.com. Web. 27 May 2008. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/07/AR2008030702846.html>.
Poem or short story from a website:
Nesbit, Edith. "Marching Song."
Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism.
Citation Format for Audio/Video/Media
Citation
description:
Title. Dir. Director’s First Name
Last Name. Optionally you may add narr. (narrated by), perf. (performers), prod.
(produced by), writ. (written by). Original release date, if relevant. Distributor, Year of current release.
Medium.
Citation examples:
Bioterror. Dir. Kirk Wolfinger. Prod. and Writer, Matthew Collins. WGBH Education Foundation, 2002. Videocassette.
Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. Dir. and Prod. Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick. 1992. Zeitgeist Films, 2002. DVD.
The Tuxedo. Dir. Kevin Donovan. Prod. John H. Williams, and Adam Schroeder. Perf. Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. DreamWorks, 2002. Film.
Citation
description:
Title of specific program. Author,
Director or Narrator. Title of Series. Producing company. Network. Broadcasting
station (if from local station rather than directly from a network). Date of
broadcast.
Medium
of reception (e.g., Radio , Television ).
Citation example:
"
Citation
description:
Artist, performer, composer, or
conductor depending on which person is most responsible for the production or
who you wish to emphasize.
"Title of song" (if specifying.) Title of the recording (or the titles of the works included). Artist or artists (when distinct from a first-listed person or group). Manufacturer, year of issue (if the year is unknown, write n.d. ). Medium.
Citation examples:
song from a compact
disc:
Coltrane, John. "Giant Steps." The Last Giant: The John Coltrane Anthology. Rhino, 1993. CD.
No composer
shown:
Lewiston, David. Fiestas of
Composer and performer
different:
Guthrie, Woody. Pete Seeger Sings Woody Guthrie. Perf. Pete Seeger. Audiocassette. Folkways, 1968. LP.
Online Video Clip, e.g. YouTube video
Citation description:
Filmmaker's name, if available. Title.
Date of the video itself. Title of Web site. Date the video was posted on the site.
Medium of publication.
Date of viewing. <URL.>
Citation example:
Sherman Alexie Speaks. 3 Nov. 2007. YouTube. 9 Nov. 2007. Web. 23 Apr. 2008. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwiQb8OQ6dY>.
Citation Format for Interviews
Important: Always begin your citation with the name of the person interviewed.
Interview you saw on television or heard on the radio
Citation examples:
Blackmun, Harry. Interview with Ted
Koppel and Nina Totenberg. Nightline. ABC. WABC,
Nader, Ralph. Interview with Ray
Suarez. Talk of the Nation. Natl. Public Radio. KQED,
Interview you read
in a magazine or newspaper
Citation examples:
Lansbury, Angela. "The Grand Woman of Mystery Reveals Her Own Mysteries." People 15 June 2002: 52-55. Print.
Gordimer, Nadine. "Novelist Speaks of Life, Love, Travels." New York Times 10 Oct. 1991, late ed. : C25. Print.
Interview that you
conducted
1) Name of the person
interviewed
2) The kind of interview (personal interview, telephone
interview)
3) Date you conducted the
interview
Citation examples:
Smith, Will. Personal interview. 22 July 2003.
Spears, Britney. Telephone Interview. 10 Dec. 2002.
Citation description:
Speaker. “Title” or description. Sponsoring event or course name. Location. Performance date. Type of performance (Address, Lecture, Keynote speech, Reading)
Citation example:
Westfall, Jeff. Lecture on homelessness. English 100. Skyline College. 7 Mar. 2007. Lecture.
Unpublished Document, Including Class Handout
Unpublished document
Citation description:
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." Description of document (e.g. flyer, leaflet, memo or handout). Organization associated with document. City of production/distribution. Date of document. (If no date listed, enter: n.d.) Medium.
Note: If any of the above information is not given, leave the information out.
Citation example:
Jackson, Boris. "Security Policy." Memo to college faculty. Brookfield State College. Brookfield, MN. n.d. Print.
Class handout quoting another source
Citation description:
Author of quoted source. "Title of work from a published collection. (e.g. poem or article)." Title of Publication. (book or periodical). "Title of Handout." Handout. Title of course. (Name of instructor.) Name of school. Date of handout.
Note: If any of the above information is not given, leave the information out.
Citation example:
Aldiss, Brian. "Flight 063." Icarus Poems: A Selective Arachniography.
Handout. Composition, Literature and Critical Thinking: English 110.
(Professor Jeff Westfall.) Skyline College. Feb. 2006. Print.
Putting Together
the Works Cited List
- The Works Cited list appears at the end of the paper on a separate page (or pages, if necesary). It lists the citations for all of the cited sources in alphabetical order according to the last name of the author. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the first word in the title (ignoring "A", "An" or "The" at the beginning of a title). Do not organize the citations by type of source.
- Put the title, "Works Cited", at the beginning of the list.
- In all cases, the citation begins with the author's name (last name first) whenever the author's name is listed. If the author's name is not given, the citation begins with the title of the work (book, article or other document).
- The first line of each citation is not indented, but each line of each citation after the first line is indented (the opposite of a typical paragraph).
- Skip a line between each citation.
- Book, magazine, journal and newspaper titles are always italicized .
- Article titles are always put in "quotations".
- Subtitles are preceded by a colon ( : ).
- All words in any titles (of books, articles or other documents) are capitalized , except the following parts of speech (when they are not the first word in a title or subtitle):
- Articles ( a , an , the )
- Prepositions (e.g., in , of , to , against , between )
- Coordinating conjunctions ( and , but , for , nor , or , so , yet )
- the to in infinitives (as in How to Play Chess )
Example:
Works Cited
Anderson, Craig A. "Effects of
Violent Movies and Trait Hostility on Hostile Feelings and
Andrews, Sam. "Videos Not Blamed for
Violence." Billboard 24 Jan. 1998: 82+.
Bok, Sissela. Mayhem: Violence as
Public Entertainment.
Brenner, Eric. "Ethical Issues:
Citing Sources."
Cesarone, Bernard. "Television
Violence and Children." Childhood Education 75.1 (Fall 1998): 56+.
Academic OneFile. Gale. Web. 18 Oct. 2002.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com>.
Doi, David. "Media and
Juvenile Violence: The Connecting Threads." Nieman Reports (Winter 1998):
35. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Web. 9 July 1999.
<http://search.epnet.com>.
Fording, Laura. "Violent Media
and its Discontents." Newsweek 1 Dec. 2003. MSNBC News. Web. 1 Dec.
2003.
<http://www.msnbc.com/news/999004.asp?0cv=KB20&cp1=1>.
Gibeaut, John. "Deadly Inspiration."
Goldstein, Jeffrey, ed. Why We
Watch: The Attractions of Violent Entertainment.
Hough, Kirstin J., and Philip G.
Erwin. "Children's Attitudes Toward Violence on Television." Journal of
Psychology 131.4 (July 1997): 411+. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Web.
9 July 1999. <http://search.epnet.com>.
Kellerman, Jonathan. "Violence
Doesn't Begin in the Theater." Wall Street Journal 9 June 1999, eastern
ed.: A26. ProQuest Newspapers. ProQuest. Web. 9 July 1999.
<http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb>.
Knowlton, Steven R. "Images of
Violence: Ratchet Up? Or Ratchet Down?" News Photographer July 1999: S3.
InfoTrac OneFile. Gale Group. Web. 8 Apr. 2001.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com>.
Lazar, Bonnie A. "The Lull of
Tradition: A Grounded Theory Study of Television Violence, Children and Social
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---. "Old Battles, New Frontiers: A
Study of Television Violence and Social Work with Children." Child and
Adolescent Social Work Journal 13.6 (Dec. 1996):
527+.
Levine, Madeline. Viewing
Violence: How Media Violence Affects Your Child's and Adolescent's
Development.
Males, Mike. "Who Us? Stop Blaming
Kids and TV." Progressive Oct. 1997: 25+. Academic Search Elite.
EBSCOhost. Web. 9 July 1999. <http://search.epnet.com>.
Mifflin, Lawrie. "Many Researchers
Say Link is Already Clear on Media and Youth Violence." New York Times 9
May 1999, late ed., sec. 1: 23.
Murray, John P., Eli A. Rubinstein,
and George A. Comstock, eds. Television and Social Behavior, Reports and
Papers: A Technical Report to the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory
Committee on Television and Social Behavior.
Strasburger, Victor C.
Adolescents and the Media: Medical and Psychological Impact.
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- Citation Format for Books
- Citation Format for Articles from Periodicals (Magazines, Journals & Newspapers)
- Citation Format for Internet Documents
For more detailed explanations of how to use the APA format, you should consult the official APA style manual:
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (REF BF 76.7 P83 1994)
Ask a librarian to show you this
guide book.
Books
with a single author:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year of publication).
Title. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Citation example:
Gamson, J. R. (1994). Claims to
fame: Celebrity in contemporary
Books with two, three or
more authors:
Citation
description:
First author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any), Second author's last name, First initial.,
Middle initial (if any), & Last author's last name, First initial. Middle
initial (if any), (Year of publication). Title. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Note: Invert all authors' names; give
last names and initials for all authors, regardless of the number of
authors.
Citation example:
Stewart, D. W., & Furse, D. H.
(1986). Effective television advertising: A study of 1000
commercials.
Books with editor(s)
rather than author(s):
Citation
description:
Editor's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Ed. ). (Year of publication). Title.
Place of publication: Publisher.
Citation
example:
Baughman, C., (Ed. ). (1995).
Women on ice: Feminist essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan
spectacle.
Chapter in a book with an editor:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year of publication). "Title of Chapter or
Essay." In Editor's first initial. Middle initial (if any). Last name. (Ed.),
Title of book.
(pp. Page numbers for the chapter.). Publisher. Place of
publication.
Citation example:
Fox, A. A. (1993). Split
subjectivity in country music and honky-tonk discourse." In G. H. Lewis (Ed.),
All that glitters: Country music in
Citation Format for Articles from Periodicals (Magazines, Journals & Newspapers)
Magazine article:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year, Month Day (if given)). Title of
article. Title of Magazine, volume number, Page numbers of
article.
Citation examples:
Bazell, R. (1993, March 15) Science
and society: Growth industry. New Republic, 208, 13-14.
Frank, M. (1993, June) The wild, wild west. Architectural Digest, 50, 180-186, 199.
Journal article:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number (issue number, if each number of journal begins on page
1), Page numbers of
article.
Citation example:
Babrow, A. S. (1997) Student motives for watching soap operas. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31(3), 309-321.
Newspaper article:
Citation
description:
Author's last name, First
initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title
of Newspaper, pp.
section and page number(s).
Citation
example:
MacKenzie, B. (1993, November 4). Packin' the Heat. San Francisco Chronicle, pp. A16, A18.
Electronic copy of
a journal article retrieved from a database:
Citation
description:
When referencing
material obtained by searching an aggregated database (such as InfoTrac or
Proquest databases), follow the
format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that
gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.
Citation
example:
Ayalon, L & Young,
M. A. (2005). Racial Group Differences in Help-Seeking Behaviors. Journal of Social Psychology 145, 443-449. Retrieved
July 17, 2005, from Proquest Psychology Journals database.
Article based on a print source for which the full text is accessed from the Internet:
Citation
description:
Article information as shown
above for magazine, journal or newspaper, with the addition of [Electronic
version] after the article title.
Citation
example:
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J.
A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1999). A history of facilitated
communication:
Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated
communication [Electronic version]. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765.
Article from an
Internet-only journal (for which there is no print version)
Citation
description:
Article information as shown
above for magazine, journal or newspaper, with the addition of: Retrieved Month Day, Year from URL (web
address).
Citation example:
Gmytrasiewicz, P. J.
& Doshi, P. (2005) A Framework
for Sequential Planning in Multi-Agent Settings. Journal of Artifical Intelligence
Research 24, 49-79. Retrieved July 27, 2005, from http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/jair/pub/volume24/gmytrasiewicz05a.pdf
Note: The APA official website, listed below, provides some information on citing electronic documents, but the format information provided by this site is somewhat limited.
Citation
description:
If a
document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a
university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the
relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself.
Precede the URL with a colon.
Citation
example:
Chou, L., McClintock,
R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and
education: New wine
in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational
futures. Retrieved August 24,
2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
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